U.S. Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell gestures during a press conference following the issuance of the Federal Open Market Committee’s statement on interest rate policy in Washington, D.C., U.S., July 30, 2025.
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REUTERS/Jonathan Ernst
The Federal Reserve left its key short-term interest rate unchanged for the fifth time this year, brushing off repeated calls from President Donald Trump for a cut.
The Fed’s decision Wednesday leaves its key short-term rate at about 4.3 per cent, where it has stood after the central bank made three cuts last year. During a news conference, Chair Jerome Powell said that Trump’s sweeping tariffs are starting to push up inflation and it will take time for the Fed to determine whether the uptick in prices will be a one-time effect or something more persistent.
“That is a risk to be assessed and managed,” he told reporters.
There were some signs of splits in the Fed’s ranks: Governors Christopher Waller and Michelle Bowman voted to reduce borrowing costs, while 9 officials, including Powell, favoured standing pat. It is the first time in more than three decades that two of the seven Washington-based governors have dissented. One official, Governor Adriana Kugler, was absent and didn’t vote.
The choice to hold off on a rate cut will almost certainly result in further conflict between the Fed and White House, as Trump has repeatedly demanded that the central bank reduce borrowing costs as part of his effort to assert control over one of the few remaining independent federal agencies.
Powell said that while tariffs are starting to push up the cost of goods — and he expects more of that to happen in the coming months — the price of services — rents, insurance, and hotel rooms — has continued to cool.
He suggested it could take some time to determine whether the impact of the tariffs will be short-lived or more persistent.
“We think we have a long way to go to really understand exactly how” the tariffs and prices will play out, Powell said.
September cut uncertain, markets react
Many economists and Wall Street investors have expected the Fed to cut its rate at its next meeting in September, but Powell’s remarks suggest there may not be enough data before September to support a cut.
“We have made no decisions about September,” Powell said. The chair acknowledged that if the Fed cut its rate too soon, inflation could move higher, and if it cut too late, then the job market could suffer.
Major US indexes, which had been trading slightly higher on Wednesday, went negative after Powell’s comments.
“The markets seem to think that Powell pushed back on a September rate cut,” said Lauren Goodwin, chief market strategist at New York Life Investments.
Trump argues that because the US economy is doing well, rates should be lowered. But unlike a blue-chip company that usually pays lower rates than a troubled start-up, the Fed adjusts rates to either slow or speed growth, and would be more likely to keep them high if the economy is strong to prevent an inflationary outbreak.
Trump’s rate-cut logic challenged by economists
Earlier Wednesday, the government said the economy expanded at a healthy 3 per cent annual rate in the second quarter, though that figure followed a negative reading for the first three months of the year, when the economy shrank 0.5 per cent at an annual rate. Most economists averaged the two figures to get a growth rate of about 1.2 per cent for the first half of this year.
Some of the disagreement likely reflects jockeying to replace Powell, whose term ends in May 2026. Waller in particular has been mentioned as a potential future Fed chair.
Bowman, meanwhile, last dissented in September 2024, when the Fed cut its key rate by a half-point. She said she preferred a quarter-point cut instead, and cited the fact that inflation was still above 2.5 per cent as a reason for caution.
Waller also said earlier this month that he favoured cutting rates, but for very different reasons than Trump has cited: Waller thinks that growth and hiring are slowing, and that the Fed should reduce borrowing costs to forestall a weaker economy and a rise in unemployment.
There are other camps on the Fed’s 19-member rate-setting committee (only 12 of the 19 actually vote on rate decisions). In June, seven members signalled that they supported leaving rates unchanged through the end of this year, while two suggested they preferred a single rate cut this year. The other half supported more reductions, with eight officials backing two cuts, and two — widely thought to be Waller and Bowman — supporting three reductions.
The dissents could be a preview of what might happen after Powell steps down, if President Donald Trump appoints a replacement who pushes for the much lower interest rates the White House desires. Other Fed officials could push back if a future chair sought to cut rates by more than economic conditions would otherwise support.
Overall, the committee’s quarterly forecasts in June suggested the Fed would cut twice this year. There are only three more Fed policy meetings — in September, October, and December.
When the Fed cuts its rate, it often — but not always — results in lower borrowing costs for mortgages, auto loans and credit cards.
Some economists agree with Waller’s concerns about the job market. Excluding government hiring, the economy added just 74,000 jobs in June, with most of those gains occurring in health care.
“We are in a much slower job hiring backdrop than most people appreciate,” said Tom Porcelli, chief U.S. economist at PGIM Fixed Income.
Michael Feroli, an economist at JPMorgan Chase, said in a note to clients this week if the pair were to dissent, “it would say more about auditioning for the Fed chair appointment than about economic conditions.” The Fed’s two-day meeting comes after a week of extraordinary interactions with the Trump White House, which has accused Powell of mismanaging an extensive, $2.5 billion renovation of two office buildings. Trump suggested two weeks ago that the rising cost for the project could be a “firing offence” but has since backed off that characterisation.
Notably, Trump argues that the Fed should cut because the economy is doing very well, which is a different viewpoint than nearly all economists, who say that a healthy, growing economy doesn’t need rate cuts.
“If your economy is hot, you’re supposed to have higher short-term rates,” Porcelli said.
Published on July 31, 2025